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These experiments led to the development of skin toxicology in the mid-1970s, including symptoms like irritation, skin inflammation, and skin photo-toxicity upon application of topical drugs. After the development of toxicology , a mathematical model was also created for skin diffusion coefficient formulated by Michaels.
Aqueous Cream BP, also known as sorbolene, is a light, hydrocarbon-based emulsion, which is officially registered in the British Pharmacopoeia and categorised by the British National Formulary as a non-proprietary emollient preparation. [1]
A container with cream. Topical cream formulation is an emulsion semisolid dosage form that is used for skin external application. Most of the topical cream formulations contain more than 20 per cent of water and volatiles and/or less than 50 per cent of hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyethylene glycols as the vehicle for external skin application. [1]
Cream. A cream is a preparation usually for application to the skin.Creams for application to mucous membranes such as those of the rectum or vagina are also used. Creams may be considered pharmaceutical products, since even cosmetic creams are manufactured using techniques developed by pharmacy and unmedicated creams are highly used in a variety of skin conditions (dermatoses).
A transdermal patch which delivers medication is applied to the skin. The patch is labelled with the time and date of administration as well as the administrator's initials. Transdermal is a route of administration wherein active ingredients are delivered across the skin for systemic distribution.
Options for topical formulation include: [6] Cream – Emulsion of oil and water in approximately equal proportions. Penetrates stratum corneum outer layers of skin well. Ointment – Combines oil (80%) and water (20%). Effective barrier against moisture loss. Gel – Liquefies upon contact with the skin.
According to the International Topical Steroid Awareness Network (ITSAN), TSW “is a debilitating condition that can arise from the use of topical steroids to treat a skin problem, such as eczema ...
An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery (such as oral, topical, intravenous, or intramuscular) is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers ...