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Specifically, the theorem says that if the action has an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of infinitesimal symmetries parameterized linearly by k arbitrary functions and their derivatives up to order m, then the functional derivatives of L satisfy a system of k differential equations. Noether's second theorem is sometimes used in gauge theory.
Noether's theorem states that every continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law.This is the first of two theorems (see Noether's second theorem) published by mathematician Emmy Noether in 1918. [1]
No wandering domain theorem (ergodic theory) Noether's theorem (Lie groups, calculus of variations, differential invariants, physics) Noether's second theorem (calculus of variations, physics) Noether's theorem on rationality for surfaces (algebraic surfaces) Non-squeezing theorem (symplectic geometry) Norton's theorem (electrical networks)
A simple example of such a problem is to find the curve of shortest length connecting two points. If there are no constraints, the solution is a straight line between the points. However, if the curve is constrained to lie on a surface in space, then the solution is less obvious, and possibly many solutions may exist.
Her work on differential invariants in the calculus of variations, Noether's theorem, has been called "one of the most important mathematical theorems ever proved in guiding the development of modern physics". [11] In the second epoch (1920–1926), she began work that "changed the face of [abstract] algebra". [12]
Discrete calculus has two entry points, differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus concerns incremental rates of change and the slopes of piece-wise linear curves. Integral calculus concerns accumulation of quantities and the areas under piece-wise constant curves. These two points of view are related to each other by ...
An application of the second isomorphism theorem identifies projective linear groups: for example, the group on the complex projective line starts with setting = (), the group of invertible 2 × 2 complex matrices, = (), the subgroup of determinant 1 matrices, and the normal subgroup of scalar matrices = {():}, we have = {}, where is ...
Noether's second theorem; Noether's theorem; Nonlinear partial differential equation; Nonlinear Schrödinger equation; Normalized solution (mathematics) Normalized solutions (nonlinear Schrödinger equation) Novikov–Veselov equation; Numerical methods for partial differential equations