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Litifilimab is an investigational drug being evaluated for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus. It is an anti- BDCA2 monocolonal antibody. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an uncommon autoimmune disease of the basal cell layer of the skin. It occurs in humans [1] and cats, more frequently occurring in dogs. It was first described in dogs by Griffin and colleagues in 1979. [2] [3] DLE is one form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). DLE occurs in dogs in two forms: a ...
Dogs suffering from autoimmune diseases of the skin may experience a variety of symptoms, including persistent itching and scratching, lesions, wounds, blisters, and other skin damage, as well as loss of skin pigment. [5] Two cases of autoimmune diseases that are often found include Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and Pemphigus.
Treatment for a lupus anticoagulant is usually undertaken in the context of documented thrombosis, such as extremity phlebitis or dural sinus vein thrombosis. Patients with a well-documented (i.e., present at least twice) lupus anticoagulant and a history of thrombosis should be considered candidates for indefinite treatment with anticoagulants.
The total cost for the first year of treatment with belimumab is $28,000. [38] Belimumab is much more expensive than other drugs used to treat lupus, including prednisone ($140 per year), hydroxychloroquine ($132), oral methotrexate ($432), azathioprine ($468), and mycophenolate mofetil ($1,224).
In autoimmune disease, anti-apolipoprotein H (AAHA) antibodies, also called anti-β 2 glycoprotein I antibodies, comprise a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. These antibodies are involved in sclerosis and are strongly associated with thrombotic forms of lupus. [ 1 ]
Anti-histone antibodies are autoantibodies that are a subset of the anti-nuclear antibody family, which specifically target histone protein subunits or histone complexes. [1] They were first reported by Henry Kunkel , H.R. Holman, and H.R.G. Dreicher in their studies of cellular causes of lupus erythematosus in 1959–60.
This list of over 500 monoclonal antibodies includes approved and investigational drugs as well as drugs that have been withdrawn from market; consequently, the column Use does not necessarily indicate clinical usage. See the list of FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the monoclonal antibody therapy page.