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Tourette syndrome is defined only slightly differently by the WHO; [4] [8] in its ICD-11, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tourette syndrome is classified as a disease of the nervous system and a neurodevelopmental disorder, [18] [19] and only one motor tic and one or more vocal tics are ...
Knowledge, education and understanding are uppermost in management plans for tic disorders, [6] and psychoeducation is the first step. [14] [15] A child's parents are typically the first to notice their tics; [16] they may feel worried, imagine that they are somehow responsible, or feel burdened by misinformation about Tourette's. [14]
The exact cause of Tourette's is unknown, but it is well established that both genetic and environmental factors are involved. [7] [8] [9] Genetic epidemiology studies have shown that Tourette's is highly heritable, [10] and 10 to 100 times more likely to be found among close family members than in the general population. [11]
The prevalence of Tourette syndrome among individuals who are autistic is estimated to be 6.5%, higher than the 2% to 3% prevalence for the general population. Several hypotheses for this association have been advanced, including common genetic factors and dopamine , glutamate or serotonin abnormalities.
The Shapiros, working with the patient families who founded in 1972 the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA, renamed to Tourette Association of America, TAA, in 2015), advanced the argument that Tourette's is a neurological, rather than psychological, disorder, [14] and worked to persuade the media to promote information about Tourette's. [20]
The film examines the lives of more than a dozen children who have Tourette's, and explores the challenges they face. The 27-minute television documentary was produced by HBO in conjunction with the Tourette Syndrome Association (since renamed to TAA), and first aired on HBO on November 12, 2005.
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Stereotypic movement disorder is often misdiagnosed as tics or Tourette syndrome (TS). [6] [7] Unlike the tics of TS, which tend to appear around age six or seven, repetitive movements typically start before age three, [1] [8] are more bilateral than tics, and consist of intense patterns of movement for longer runs than tics. Tics are less ...