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Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure. When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained. This implicitly puts the value of compounds' other constituents, and the cost of extraction of the element, at zero.
Because the liquid-to-gas expansion ratio of nitrogen is 1:694 at 20 °C (68 °F), a tremendous amount of force can be generated if liquid nitrogen is vaporized in an enclosed space. In an incident on January 12, 2006 at Texas A&M University , the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were malfunctioning and later sealed.
For liquid nitrogen L, the heat of vaporisation is 200kJ/Kg; The boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77Kelvin; The temperature of atmospheric air is ~ 300Kelvin; And this gives 570 kilojoules of energy per kg of Liquid nitrogen Lumos3 15:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC) Yep, and the energy density of gasoline is 45,000 kJ/kg.
The energy density—derived from nitrogen's isobaric heat of vaporization and specific heat in gaseous state—that can theoretically be realised from liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and 27 °C ambient temperature is about 213 watt-hours per kilogram (W·h/kg), while typically only 97 W·h/kg can be achieved under realistic circumstances.
The gaseous state of water is lighter than air (density 0.804 g/L at STP, average molecular mass 18.015 g/mol) due to water's low molar mass when compared with typical atmospheric gases such as nitrogen gas (N 2). It is non-flammable and much cheaper than helium. The concept of using steam for lifting is therefore already 200 years old.
For some usage examples, consider the conversion of 1 SCCM to kg/s of a gas of molecular weight , where is in kg/kmol. Furthermore, consider standard conditions of 101325 Pa and 273.15 K, and assume the gas is an ideal gas (i.e., =).
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The liquid nitrogen wash has two principle functions: [1] Removal of impurities such as carbon monoxide, argon and methane from the crude hydrogen gas; Addition of the required stoichiometric amount of nitrogen to the hydrogen stream to achieve the correct ammonia synthesis gas ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen of 3 : 1
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