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Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid –128.4 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 214.39 J/(mol K) Enthalpy of combustion, Δ c H o –359.9 kJ/mol Heat capacity, c p: 131.3 J/(mol K) Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o gas –95.98 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o gas: 309.65 J/(mol ...
Since carbon tetrachloride freezes at –23 °C, the fire extinguishers would contain only 89-90% carbon tetrachloride and 10% trichloroethylene (m.p. –85 °C) or chloroform (m.p. –63 °C) for lowering the extinguishing mixture's freezing point down to temperatures as low as –45 °C.
This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
It remains in the atmosphere about 90 years, [9] sufficiently long that it will cycle out of the troposphere and into the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, CFC-113 can be broken up by ultraviolet radiation (UV, sunlight in the 190-225 nm range), generating chlorine radicals (Cl•), which initiate degradation of ozone requiring only a few ...
Chloroform, [10] or trichloromethane (often abbreviated as TCM), is an organochloride with the formula C H Cl 3 and a common solvent.It is a volatile, colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid produced on a large scale as a precursor to refrigerants and PTFE. [11]
This was a problem as carbon tetrachloride is an effective fire suppressant and was formerly in widespread use in fire extinguishers. [15] There are reports of fatalities caused by its use to fight fires in confined spaces. [16] Carbon tetrachloride's generation of phosgene and its own toxicity mean it is no longer used for this purpose. [15]
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is a fairly potent greenhouse gas with a 100-year global warming potential of 169 relative to carbon dioxide. [18] This is nonetheless less than a tenth that of carbon tetrachloride — which it replaced as a solvent — due to its relatively short atmospheric lifetime of about 5 years. [19]
The highest level cited for a concentration of carbon tetrachloride (seemingly of highest concern) is 459 micrograms per cubic meter, translating to 0.073 ppm (part per million), or 73 ppb (part per billion). The OSHA-allowable time-weighted average concentration over eight hours is 10 ppm, [30] almost 140 times higher;