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Fixed alleles were first defined by Motoo Kimura in 1962. [5] Kimura discussed how fixed alleles could arise within populations and was the first to generalize the topic. He credits the works of Haldane in 1927 [ 6 ] and Fisher in 1922 [ 7 ] as being important in providing foundational information that allowed him to come to his conclusion.
An allele [1] (or allelomorph) is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule. [2]Alleles can differ at a single position through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), [3] but they can also have insertions and deletions of up to several thousand base pairs.
Coalescent theory is a model of how alleles sampled from a population may have originated from a common ancestor.In the simplest case, coalescent theory assumes no recombination, no natural selection, and no gene flow or population structure, meaning that each variant is equally likely to have been passed from one generation to the next.
Under conditions of genetic drift alone, every finite set of genes or alleles has a "coalescent point" at which all descendants converge to a single ancestor (i.e. they 'coalesce'). This fact can be used to derive the rate of gene fixation of a neutral allele (that is, one not under any form of selection) for a population of varying size ...
A gene can acquire mutations in its sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a gene, which may cause different phenotypical traits. [4] Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest and genetic drift of the alleles.
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The total number of other combinations is ten, so the probability of unequal number of A and B alleles is 10/16. Thus, although the original colony began with an equal number of A and B alleles, quite possibly, the number of alleles in the remaining population of four members will not be equal. The situation of equal numbers is actually less ...
The amplification products from various sources were also cloned and sequenced, the first determination of new alleles by PCR. [15] At the same time the original Oligomer Restriction assay technique was replaced with the more general Allele specific oligonucleotide method. [19]