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As of 2007, 28 GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption. [1] Thermal efficiency is high since no energy conversion is needed, but capacity factors tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.
Below that, in the deeper layer, the temperature is effectively constant, rising about 0.025 °C per metre according to the geothermal gradient. The "penetration depth" [3] is defined as the depth at which the temperature variable is less than 0.01 of the variation at the surface. This also depends on the type of soil:
Closed-loop geothermal systems (also known as “advanced geothermal systems” or “AGS”) are a type of engineered geothermal energy system containing subsurface working fluid that is heated in a hot rock reservoir without direct contact with rock pores and fractures.: [1] [2] [3] Instead, the subsurface working fluid stays inside a closed loop of deeply buried pipes that conduct Earth’s ...
The geothermal production well reached a depth of 5,275 m (17,306 ft) and the fluid injection well 2,393 m (7,851 ft). [ 3 ] [ 1 ] Between August 2020 and July 2021, the wells underwent a series of injection tests to analyse the hydrology within the fractured geothermal reservoir.
Most drilled geothermal exploration wells, up to the production well, are still considered to be within the exploration phase. Most consultants and engineers consider exploration to continue until one production well is completed successfully. [4] Generally, the first wildcat well has a success rate of 25%. Following more analysis and ...
A measure of the amount of heat absorption required to melt I ton of ice in 24 hours. A ton of refrigeration is a measure of the amount of cooling delivered by a heat pump (or other air conditioning system). One ton of refrigeration is equivalent to a cooling rate of 12,000 Btu per hour.
Flow rates for typical applications are between 20 and 150 m 3 /hour/well. The volume of groundwater that is stored and recovered in a year generally varies between 10 000 m 3 and 150 000 m 3 per well. [10] ATES system depths is commonly between 20 and 200 meters. Temperature at these depths is generally close to the annual mean surface ...
As of 2007 plant construction and well drilling cost about €2–5 million per MW of electrical capacity, while the break-even price was 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h. [10] Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges, with capital costs above $4 million per MW and break-even above $0.054 per kW·h.