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The Jacobian can be understood by considering a unit area in the new coordinate space; and examining how that unit area transforms when mapped into xy coordinate space in which the integral is visually understood.
Let (x, y, z) be the standard Cartesian coordinates, and (ρ, θ, φ) the spherical coordinates, with θ the angle measured away from the +Z axis (as , see conventions in spherical coordinates). As φ has a range of 360° the same considerations as in polar (2 dimensional) coordinates apply whenever an arctangent of it is taken. θ has a range ...
The conformal property may be described in terms of the Jacobian derivative matrix of a coordinate transformation. The transformation is conformal whenever the Jacobian at each point is a positive scalar times a rotation matrix (orthogonal with determinant one). Some authors define conformality to include orientation-reversing mappings whose ...
Here det g is the determinant of the matrix formed by the components of the metric tensor in the coordinate chart. That Λ is well-defined on functions supported in coordinate neighborhoods is justified by Jacobian change of variables. It extends to a unique positive linear functional on C 0 (M) by means of a partition of unity.
Thus the differential is a linear transformation, between tangent spaces, associated to the smooth map at each point. Therefore, in some chosen local coordinates, it is represented by the Jacobian matrix of the corresponding smooth map from to . In general, the differential need not be invertible.
Jacobian matrix and determinant – Matrix of all first-order partial derivatives of a vector-valued function; List of canonical coordinate transformations; Sphere – Set of points equidistant from a center; Spherical harmonic – Special mathematical functions defined on the surface of a sphere
Equivalently, it is a manifold equipped with an atlas—called the affine structure—such that all transition functions between charts are affine transformations (that is, have constant Jacobian matrix); [1] two atlases are equivalent if the manifold admits an atlas subjugated to both, with transitions from both atlases to a smaller atlas ...
In each local chart a Riemannian metric is given by smoothly assigning a 2×2 positive definite matrix to each point; when a different chart is taken, the matrix is transformed according to the Jacobian matrix of the coordinate change. The manifold then has the structure of a 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold.