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NGC 188 (also known as Caldwell 1 or the Polarissima Cluster [5]) is an open cluster in the constellation Cepheus. It was discovered by John Herschel in 1825.
Caldwell advocates, however, see the catalogue as a useful list of some of the brightest and best known non-Messier deep-sky objects. Thus, advocates dismiss any "controversy" as being fabricated by older amateurs simply not able or willing to memorize the new designations despite every telescope database using the Caldwell IDs as the primary ...
NGC 6744 (also known as Caldwell 101 or the Pavo Galaxy [3]) is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Pavo (Peacock). Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 802 ± 3 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 38.6 ± 2.7 Mly (11.82 ± 0.83 Mpc ). [ 1 ]
NGC 7331, also known as Caldwell 30, is an unbarred spiral galaxy about 40 million light-years (12 Mpc) away in the constellation Pegasus. It was discovered by William Herschel on 6 September 1784. [4] The galaxy appears similar in size and structure to the Milky Way, and is sometimes referred to as "the Milky Way's twin". [5]
The Double Cluster in Perseus (lower left of center, wide angle view) Greek astronomer Hipparchus cataloged the object (a patch of light in Perseus) as early as 130 BCE. To Bedouin Arabs the cluster marked the tail of the smaller of two fish they visualized in this area, and it was shown on illustrations in Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars. [4]
Zeta 1 Scorpii (spectral type O8 and magnitude 4.71. [ 7 ] ) is the brightest star in the association, and one of the most radiant stars known in the galaxy. [ 8 ] NGC 6231 was used to measure the binary fraction of B-type stars : 52 ± 8%, indicating that B-type stars are commonly found in binary systems , but not as commonly as in O-type stars .
NGC 1097 (also known as Caldwell 67) is a barred spiral galaxy about 45 million light years away in the constellation Fornax. It was discovered by William Herschel on 9 October 1790. It is a severely interacting galaxy with obvious tidal debris and distortions caused by interaction with the companion galaxy NGC 1097A.
The Eskimo Nebula (NGC 2392), also known as the Clown Face Nebula, Lion Nebula, [4] or Caldwell 39, is a bipolar [5] double-shell [6] planetary nebula (PN). It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel in 1787. The formation resembles a person's head surrounded by a parka hood.