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Epoetin alfa, sold under the brand name Epogen among others, is a human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Epoetin alfa is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. [ 8 ]
Erythropoietin (/ ɪ ˌ r ɪ θ r oʊ ˈ p ɔɪ. ɪ t ɪ n,-r ə-,-p ɔɪ ˈ ɛ t ɪ n,-ˈ iː t ɪ n /; [1] [2] [3] EPO), also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.
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With a prevalence of 6-20% among pregnant women globally, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance developing or initially recognized during pregnancy. [67] Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin has been the cornerstone of insulin therapy during pregnancy, administered two to four times per day.
Optimal management of diabetes involves people measuring and recording their own BG levels. By keeping a diary of their own BG measurements and noting the effect of food and exercise, patients can modify their lifestyle to better control their diabetes. For people on insulin, involvement is important in achieving effective dosing and timing.
Medical speciality professional organizations do not recommend the use of ESAs in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have hemoglobin levels greater than 10 g/dL and do not have anemia symptoms. [8] [9] In preterm babies ESAs may help reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions. [10]
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. [6] Common symptoms include increased thirst , frequent urination , fatigue and unexplained weight loss . [ 3 ]
Frequent hunger without other symptoms can also indicate that blood sugar levels are too low. This may occur when people who have diabetes take too much oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin for the amount of food they eat. The resulting drop in blood sugar level to below the normal range prompts a hunger response. [citation needed]