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The term diplomacy is derived from the 18th-century French term diplomate ("diplomat" or "diplomatist"), based on the ancient Greek diplōma, which roughly means "an object folded in two". [4] This reflected the practice of sovereigns providing a folded document to confer some official privilege; prior to the invention of the envelope, folding ...
Science diplomacy describes how scientific exchanges and the cross-border collaboration of scientists or scientific organizations can perform diplomatic functions in the context of international relations. Most often this diplomacy happens as part of scientific cooperation as a means of building relationships between states and within ...
A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe (3 vol. 1914) online v 3, 1648-1775; also online; vol 2 online 1313-1648; Langer, William. European Alliances and Alignments 1870-1890 (2nd ed. 1950); advanced coverage of Bismarckian system; Langer, William L. The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890-1902 (2 vol, 1935); advanced analysis
International relations (IR, and also referred to as international studies, international politics, [2] or international affairs) [3] is an academic discipline. [4] In a broader sense, the study of IR, in addition to multilateral relations, concerns all activities among states—such as war, diplomacy, trade, and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors ...
The fact that the history of the field is presented by "great debates", such as the realist-idealist debate, does not correspond with the historic evidence found in earlier works: "We should once and for all dispense with the outdated anachronistic artifice of the debate between the idealists and realists as the dominant framework for and ...
Stacker traced the origins of 20 words and terms used in political discourse using historical archives, research reports, and news articles.
[82] [83] Instruments of soft power include debates on cultural values, dialogues on ideology, the attempt to influence through good example, and the appeal to commonly accepted human values. Means of exercising soft power include diplomacy, dissemination of information, analysis, propaganda, and cultural programming to achieve political ends.
The bureau today prepares human-rights reports annually for every country to help inform our foreign-policy decisions and human-rights messaging to the world. This marked a real shift.