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The system is not based on evidence of effectiveness; rather, it relies on whether the elimination of hazards is possible. Eliminating hazards allows workers to be free from the need to recognize and protect themselves against these dangers. Substitution is given lower priority than elimination because substitutes may also present hazards.
Substitution is the second most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard controls in protecting workers, after elimination. [1] [2] [3] Substitution and elimination are most effective early in the design process, when they may be inexpensive and simple to implement, while for an existing process they may require major changes in ...
Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is considered the fundamental method of protecting workers. Traditionally, a hierarchy of controls has been used as a means of determining how to implement feasible and effective controls, which typically include elimination , substitution , engineering controls, administrative controls , and ...
The substitution of dangerous chemicals in the workplace is the process of replacing or eliminating the use chemicals that have significant chemical hazards. The goal of the substitution process is to improve occupational health and safety and minimize harmful environmental impacts . [ 1 ]
Elimination is the most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard controls in protecting workers, and where possible should be implemented before all other control methods. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Many jurisdictions require that an employer eliminate hazards if it is possible, before considering other types of hazard control.
A core tenet of PtD philosophy is the concept of addressing workplace hazards using methods at the top of the hierarchy of hazard controls, namely elimination and substitution. Within Europe, construction designers are legally bound to design out risks during design development to reduce hazards in the construction and end use phases via the ...
Some authors use the term Gaussian elimination to refer only to the procedure until the matrix is in echelon form, and use the term Gauss–Jordan elimination to refer to the procedure which ends in reduced echelon form. The name is used because it is a variation of Gaussian elimination as described by Wilhelm Jordan in 1888. However, the ...
With weak bases, mixtures of elimination and substitution products form by competing S N 1 and E1 pathways. The case of 2° haloalkanes is relatively complex. For strongly basic nucleophiles (p K aH > 11, e.g., hydroxide, alkoxide, acetylide), the result is generally elimination by E2, while weaker bases that are still good nucleophiles (e.g ...