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Categorizing trees into hardwood and softwood is the easiest way to characterize types of paper produced from pulpwood. [ 1 ] Hardwoods are raw material that are preferred for pulp used in printing papers.
Thermomechanical pulp is pulp produced by processing wood chips using heat (thus "thermo-") and a mechanical refining movement (thus "-mechanical"). It is a two-stage process where the logs are first stripped of their bark and converted into small chips. These chips have a moisture content of around 25–30 percent.
For example, balsa wood, which is a hardwood, is softer than most softwoods, whereas the longleaf pine, Douglas fir, and yew softwoods are much harder than several hardwoods. [citation needed] Softwoods are generally most used by the construction industry and are also used to produce paper pulp, and card products. [5]
Dissolving pulp is mainly produced chemically from pulpwood in a process that has a low yield (30 - 35% of the wood). This makes up of about 85 - 88% of the production. [2] Dissolving pulp is made from the sulfite process or the kraft process with an acid prehydrolysis step to remove hemicelluloses. For the highest quality, it should be derived ...
In North America, virgin (non-recycled) wood fibre is primarily extracted from hardwood (deciduous) trees and softwood (coniferous) trees. The wood fibre can be extracted as a primary product, or collected during the milling of lumber. [1] Wood fibres can also be recycled from used paper materials. [2]
More than 90% of the fluff pulps are fully bleached chemical softwood pulps, of which more than 90% are kraft pulps. The most common raw material source for fluff pulps are southern bleached softwood kraft from loblolly pine. SBSK from other species and NBSK are also used to make fluff pulp. [4] Thicker fibres are preferred to improve the bulk.
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Northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) is the paper industry's benchmark grade of pulp. Market NBSK is produced mainly in Canada and the Nordic countries. Some NBSK is also produced in north-western United States and in Russia. NBSK futures are traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.