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Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is a condition that mimics hypoaldosteronism (presenting hyperkalemia). [1] Two major types of primary pseudohypoaldosteronism are recognized and these have major differences in etiology and presentation. [2]
Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of potassium (K +) in the blood. [1] Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with levels above 5.5 mmol/L defined as hyperkalemia. [3] [4] Typically hyperkalemia does not cause symptoms. [1] Occasionally when severe it can cause palpitations, muscle pain, muscle weakness, or ...
Hypoaldosteronism causes low sodium (hyponatremia), high potassium (hyperkalemia), and metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces excess acid.These conditions are responsible for the symptoms of hypoaldosteronism, which include muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, irregular heartbeat, and abnormal blood pressure.
Hyperkalemia (excess) and hypokalemia (inadequate) potassium can be life-threatening. A common presentation of hyperkalemia is in the patient with end-stage renal disease who has missed a dialysis appointment and presents with weakness , nausea , and broad QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram .
After several case reports in the 18th and 19th centuries, periodic paralysis was first described in full by the German neurologist Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890) in 1885. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In 1926 the Japanese physician Tetsushiro Shinosaki, from Fukuoka , observed the high rate of thyroid disease in Japanese people with periodic paralysis.
Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) is the collection of neurological signs and symptoms, attributed to cerebral edema, during or following shortly after intermittent hemodialysis [1] or CRRT.
A case presentation is a formal communication between health care professionals such as doctors and nurses regarding a patient's clinical information. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Essential parts of a case presentation include: