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Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of potassium (K +) in the blood. [1] Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with levels above 5.5 mmol/L defined as hyperkalemia. [3] [4] Typically hyperkalemia does not cause symptoms. [1] Occasionally when severe it can cause palpitations, muscle pain, muscle weakness, or ...
Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is a condition that mimics hypoaldosteronism (presenting hyperkalemia). [1] Two major types of primary pseudohypoaldosteronism are recognized and these have major differences in etiology and presentation. [2]
Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Hyperkalemia (excess) and hypokalemia (inadequate) potassium can be life-threatening. A common presentation of hyperkalemia is in the patient with end-stage renal disease who has missed a dialysis appointment and presents with weakness , nausea , and broad QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram .
Complete atrioventricular block caused by hyperkalemia should be treated to lower serum potassium levels and patients with hypothyroidism should also receive thyroid hormone. [18] If there is no reversible cause, the clear treatment of complete atrioventricular block is mostly permanent pacemaker placement. [citation needed]
After several case reports in the 18th and 19th centuries, periodic paralysis was first described in full by the German neurologist Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890) in 1885. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In 1926 the Japanese physician Tetsushiro Shinosaki, from Fukuoka , observed the high rate of thyroid disease in Japanese people with periodic paralysis.
Bartter syndrome (BS) is a rare inherited disease characterised by a defect in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which results in low potassium levels (hypokalemia), [2] increased blood pH (), and normal to low blood pressure.
A case presentation is a formal communication between health care professionals such as doctors and nurses regarding a patient's clinical information. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Essential parts of a case presentation include: