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Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter. Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics , which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons .
The following apply for the nuclear reaction: a + b ↔ R → c in the centre of mass frame , where a and b are the initial species about to collide, c is the final species, and R is the resonant state .
Simplified decay scheme of 60Co, with angular momenta and parities shown. A state of a nuclide is described by its energy above the ground state, by its angular momentum J (in units of ), and by its parity, i.e., its behaviour under reflection (positive + or negative −).
In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called the Weizsäcker formula, Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons.
For an axially symmetric shape with the axis of symmetry being the z axis, the Hamiltonian is = + (+) ( ). Here m is the mass of the nucleon, N is the total number of harmonic oscillator quanta in the spherical basis, is the orbital angular momentum operator, is its square (with eigenvalues (+)), = (/) (+) is the average value of over the N shell, and s is the intrinsic spin.
Nuclear physics experiments address stability (i.e., lifetimes and masses) for atomic nuclei well beyond the regime of stable nuclides into the realm of radioactive/unstable nuclei, almost to the limits of bound nuclei (the drip lines), and under high density (up to neutron star matter) and high temperature (plasma temperatures up to 10 9 K ...
If the nucleus is assumed to be spherically symmetric, an approximate relationship between nuclear radius and mass number arises above A=40 from the formula R=R o A 1/3 with R o = 1.2 ± 0.2 fm. [6] R is the predicted spherical nuclear radius, A is the mass number, and R o is a constant determined by experimental data.
Nuclear reactor physics is the field of physics that studies and deals with the applied study and engineering applications of chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy.