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In 1878, Cantor used them to define and compare cardinalities. He also constructed one-to-one correspondences to prove that the n-dimensional spaces R n (where R is the set of real numbers) and the set of irrational numbers have the same cardinality as R. [63] [O] In 1883, Cantor extended the positive integers with his infinite ordinals.
However, there is a second definition of an irrational number used in constructive mathematics, that a real number is an irrational number if it is apart from every rational number, or equivalently, if the distance | | between and every rational number is positive. This definition is stronger than the traditional definition of an irrational number.
Otherwise, that cut defines a unique irrational number which, loosely speaking, fills the "gap" between A and B. [3] In other words, A contains every rational number less than the cut, and B contains every rational number greater than or equal to the cut. An irrational cut is equated to an irrational number which is in neither set.
Farey sequences are very useful to find rational approximations of irrational numbers. [15] For example, the construction by Eliahou [ 16 ] of a lower bound on the length of non-trivial cycles in the 3 x +1 process uses Farey sequences to calculate a continued fraction expansion of the number log 2 (3) .
In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that is not a rational number, i.e., one that cannot be written as a fraction a / b with a and b integers and b not zero. This is also known as being incommensurable, or without common measure. The irrational numbers are precisely those numbers whose expansion in any given base (decimal ...
The Theory of Algebraic Numbers, second edition, by Harry Pollard and Harold G. Diamond - ISBN 9780883850183; The Arithmetic Theory of Quadratic Forms, by B. W. Jones (out of print) Irrational Numbers, by Ivan Niven - ISBN 9780883850114; Statistical Independence in Probability, Analysis and Number Theory, by Mark Kac
Rational numbers have irrationality exponent 1, while (as a consequence of Dirichlet's approximation theorem) every irrational number has irrationality exponent at least 2. On the other hand, an application of Borel-Cantelli lemma shows that almost all numbers, including all algebraic irrational numbers , have an irrationality exponent exactly ...
The following famous example of a nonconstructive proof shows that there exist two irrational numbers a and b such that is a rational number. This proof uses that 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} is irrational (an easy proof is known since Euclid ), but not that 2 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}} is irrational (this is true, but the proof ...
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