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Among these was the use of liquid nitrogen for cooling the CMOS-based CPUs. The ETA10 successfully met the company's initial goals (10 GFLOPS), with some models achieving a cycle time of about 7 ns (143 MHz) - considered rapid by mid-1980s standards. They delivered seven liquid nitrogen-cooled versions and 27 smaller, air-cooled versions.
A Cray-2 and its Fluorinert-cooling "waterfall", formerly serial number 2101, the only 8-processor system ever made, for NERSC A Cray-2 operated by NASA Front view of 1985 Supercomputer Cray-2, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris Side view of 1985 Supercomputer Cray-2, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris Detail of the upper part of the Cray-2 Inside of the Cray-2
Liquid nitrogen may be used for cooling an overclocked computer, when an extreme measure of cooling is needed. Liquid nitrogen is a compact and readily transported source of dry nitrogen gas, as it does not require pressurization.
In a typical installation of liquid nitrogen cooling, a copper or aluminium pipe is mounted on top of the processor or graphics card. After the system has been heavily insulated against condensation, the liquid nitrogen is poured into the pipe, resulting in temperatures well below −100 °C (−148 °F).
Contemporary cryogenic processors monitor temperature fluctuations and modulate the liquid nitrogen input to ensure that only fractional changes in temperature occur over a specific period of time. These temperature readings and adjustments are synthesized into profiles that are used to repeat the process when treating similarly grouped objects.
Small magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor cooled by liquid nitrogen: this is a case of Meissner effect. An experiment based on flux quantization of a three-grain ring of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (YBCO) was proposed to test the symmetry of the order parameter in the HTS.
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Nevertheless, the product was one of the fastest computers on the market, and 7 liquid nitrogen-cooled and 27 smaller air cooled versions of the computers were sold during the next few years. They used the new CMOS chips, which produced much less heat.