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Legumes were limited to dried peas, fava beans (broad beans), chickpeas, lentils, and lupins. The Romans knew several varieties of chickpea, such as venus, ram, and punic. They were either cooked down into a broth or roasted as a snack. The Roman cookbook Apicius gives several recipes for chickpeas. [29]
Lentils and chickpeas are the most frequently mentioned legumes in classical literature. [63] Bitter vetch [3] – This plant was present in Greece from at least 8000 BCE, and was occasionally eaten in Classical times. Most ancient literature that mentions it describes it as animal food and having a disagreeable taste.
Cicer arietinum noir – MHNT. The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, [2] [3] cultivated for its edible seeds. . Its different types are variously known as gram [4] [5] or Bengal gram; [5] chhola, chhana, chana, or channa; garbanzo [5] or garbanzo bean; or Egyptian pea.
Hummus (/ ˈ h ʊ m ə s /, / ˈ h ʌ m ə s /; [1] [2] Arabic: حُمُّص ḥummuṣ, ' chickpeas ', also spelled hommus or houmous), is a Middle Eastern dip, spread, or savory dish made from cooked, mashed chickpeas blended with tahini, lemon juice, and garlic. [3] The standard garnish in the Middle East includes olive oil, a few whole ...
Brânză – an ancient Romanian cheese dating to "before the time of the Romans" [90] Caciocavallo; Cantal – one of the oldest French cheeses, it is named after the Cantal mountain range [91] Emmental [92] Feta – existed during the times of Homer in ancient Greece [93] Touloumotiri is an ancient cheese that is considered as the "forerunner ...
Legumes included the lentil, chickpea, bitter vetch, broad bean, garden pea, and grass pea; Pliny names varieties such as the Venus pea, [3] and poets praise Egyptian lentils imported from Pelusium. [4] Legumes were planted in rotation with cereals to enrich the soil, [5] and were stockpiled in case of famine.
In 1988, the Israeli botanist Daniel Zohary and the German botanist Maria Hopf formulated their founder crops hypothesis. They proposed that eight plant species were domesticated by early Neolithic farming communities in Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent) and went on to form the basis of agricultural economies across much of Eurasia, including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North ...
7500 BC – PPNB sites across the Fertile Crescent growing wheat, barley, chickpeas, peas, beans, flax and bitter vetch. Sheep and goat domesticated. 7000 BC – agriculture had reached southern Europe with evidence of emmer and einkorn wheat , barley, sheep, goats, and pigs suggest that a food producing economy is adopted in Greece and the Aegean.