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Economics (/ ˌ ɛ k ə ˈ n ɒ m ɪ k s, ˌ iː k ə-/) [1] [2] is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. [3] [4] Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work.
From the 21st century onwards, the concept of ecosystem services (the benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems) are more widely studied in economics. [208] Also climate change is more widely acknowledged as a major issue in economics, sparking debates about sustainable development in economics.
[2] [3] Macroeconomists study topics such as output/GDP (gross domestic product) and national income, unemployment (including unemployment rates), price indices and inflation, consumption, saving, investment, energy, international trade, and international finance. Macroeconomics and microeconomics are the two most general fields in economics. [4]
In the history of economic thought, a school of economic thought is a group of economic thinkers who share or shared a mutual perspective on the way economies function. While economists do not always fit within particular schools, particularly in the modern era, classifying economists into schools of thought is common.
Economic systems is the category in the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes that includes the study of such systems. One field that cuts across them is comparative economic systems, which includes the study of the following aspects of different systems: Planning, coordination and reform.
The study of economics are roughly divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics. [38] Today, the range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the social science of economics, [ 39 ] [ 40 ] but may also include sociology , [ 41 ] history , [ 42 ] anthropology , [ 43 ] and geography . [ 44 ]
The first professor of economics at the University of Cambridge, his 1890 work Principles of Economics [75] abandoned the term "political economy" for his favorite "economics". He viewed math as a way to simplify economic reasoning, although he had reservations as revealed in a letter to his student Arthur Cecil Pigou : [ 64 ] [ 76 ]
Philosophy and economics studies topics such as public economics, behavioural economics, rationality, justice, history of economic thought, rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, the status of highly idealized economic models, the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring ...