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  2. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    The wave function of fermions, including electrons, is antisymmetric, meaning that it changes sign when two electrons are swapped; that is, ψ(r 1, r 2) = −ψ(r 2, r 1), where the variables r 1 and r 2 correspond to the first and second electrons, respectively. Since the absolute value is not changed by a sign swap, this corresponds to equal ...

  3. Proton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

    Since the atomic number of hydrogen is 1, a hydrogen ion has no electrons and corresponds to a bare nucleus, consisting of a proton (and 0 neutrons for the most abundant isotope protium 1 1 H). The proton is a "bare charge" with only about 1/64,000 of the radius of a hydrogen atom, and so is extremely reactive chemically.

  4. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    The electrons are negatively charged, and this opposing charge is what binds them to the nucleus. If the numbers of protons and electrons are equal, as they normally are, then the atom is electrically neutral as a whole. If an atom has more electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative charge, and is called a negative ion (or anion ...

  5. Elementary charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge

    Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.) This is the reason for the terminology "elementary charge": it is meant to imply that it is an indivisible unit of charge.

  6. Ionization energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energy

    : 5.17 eV) have only very slightly lower IP's than their preceding elements ( 56 Ba: 5.21 eV) and ( 88 Ra: 5.18 eV), though their atoms are anomalies in that they add a d-electron rather than an f-electron. As can be seen in the above graph for ionization energies, the sharp rise in IE values from ( 55 Cs: 3.89 eV) to ( 56 Ba

  7. Electronvolt - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt

    For example, an electron and a positron, each with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c 2, can annihilate to yield 1.022 MeV of energy. A proton has a mass of 0.938 GeV/c 2. In general, the masses of all hadrons are of the order of 1 GeV/c 2, which makes the GeV/c 2 a convenient unit of mass for particle physics: [4]

  8. Atomic orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital

    The p z orbital is the same as the p 0 orbital, but the p x and p y are formed by taking linear combinations of the p +1 and p −1 orbitals (which is why they are listed under the m = ±1 label). Also, the p +1 and p −1 are not the same shape as the p 0 , since they are pure spherical harmonics .

  9. Energy level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level

    Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2n 2 electrons. [1]