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The IBM Future Systems project and Data General Fountainhead Processor are examples of this. During the 1970s, CPU speeds grew more quickly than memory speeds and numerous techniques such as memory block transfer, memory pre-fetch and multi-level caches were used to alleviate this. High-level machine instructions, made possible by microcode ...
Intel microcode is microcode that runs inside x86 processors made by Intel.Since the P6 microarchitecture introduced in the mid-1990s, the microcode programs can be patched by the operating system or BIOS firmware to work around bugs found in the CPU after release. [1]
Most of the 11/20 modifications were custom changes to the wire-wrapped backplane, but because the PDP-11/40 was implemented in microcode, a separate proc-mod board was designed that intercepted certain instructions and implemented the protected operating system requirements. For example, it was necessary, for operating system integrity, that ...
The SHARE Operating System (1959) for the IBM 709, IBM 7090, and IBM 7094 computers allowed for an loadable code format named SQUOZE. SQUOZE was a compressed binary form of assembly language code and included a symbol table. Modern IBM mainframe operating systems, such as z/OS, have available a symbol table named Associated data (ADATA).
A high-level illustration showing the decomposition of machine instructions into micro-operations, performed during typical fetch-decode-execute cycles [1]: 11 . In computer central processing units, micro-operations (also known as micro-ops or μops, historically also as micro-actions [2]) are detailed low-level instructions used in some designs to implement complex machine instructions ...
The IBM System/360 was a series of compatible computers introduced in 1964, many of which were microprogrammed. [2] The System/360 Model 40 is a good example of a microprogrammed machine with complex microsequencing. [3] The microstore consists of 4,096 56-bit microinstructions that operate in a horizontal microprogramming style.
[examples needed] Large CISC machines, from the VAX 8800 to the modern Pentium 4 and Athlon, are implemented with both microcode and pipelines. Improvements in pipelining and caching are the two major microarchitectural advances that have enabled processor performance to keep pace with the circuit technology on which they are based.
Below is the full 8086/8088 instruction set of Intel (81 instructions total). [2] These instructions are also available in 32-bit mode, they operate instead on 32-bit registers (eax, ebx, etc.) and values instead of their 16-bit (ax, bx, etc.) counterparts.