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  2. Physical optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_optics

    Physical optics is also the name of an approximation commonly used in optics, electrical engineering and applied physics. In this context, it is an intermediate method between geometric optics , which ignores wave effects, and full wave electromagnetism , which is a precise theory .

  3. Vector soliton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_soliton

    In physical optics or wave optics, a vector soliton is a solitary wave with multiple components coupled together that maintains its shape during propagation. Ordinary solitons maintain their shape but have effectively only one (scalar) polarization component, while vector solitons have two distinct polarization components.

  4. List of physics mnemonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_mnemonics

    This is a categorized list of physics mnemonics. Mechanics. Work: formula ... In the order of increasing frequency or decreasing wavelength of electromagnetic waves;

  5. Optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

    Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, ... [12] Alhazen's work was ... optics and physical (or wave) optics. In ...

  6. List of optics equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optics_equations

    Visulization of flux through differential area and solid angle. As always ^ is the unit normal to the incident surface A, = ^, and ^ is a unit vector in the direction of incident flux on the area element, θ is the angle between them.

  7. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n 2 > n 1.Since the velocity is lower in the second medium (v 2 < v 1), the angle of refraction θ 2 is less than the angle of incidence θ 1; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

  8. History of optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_optics

    The early writers discussed here treated vision more as a geometrical than as a physical, physiological, or psychological problem. The first known author of a treatise on geometrical optics was the geometer Euclid (c. 325 BC–265 BC). Euclid began his study of optics as he began his study of geometry, with a set of self-evident axioms.

  9. Geometrical optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics

    Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances.