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Virchow's triad or the triad of Virchow (/ ˈ f ɪər k oʊ /) describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis. [1] Hypercoagulability; Hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence) [2] Endothelial injury/dysfunction; It is named after the renowned German physician Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). However ...
The main cause of endothelial dysfunction is impaired bioavailability of nitric oxide. [ 1 ] In addition to acting as a semipermeable membrane , the endothelium is responsible for maintaining vascular tone and regulating oxidative stress by releasing mediators, such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelin , and by controlling local ...
Endothelial activation is a proinflammatory and procoagulant state of the endothelial cells lining the lumen of blood vessels. [1] It is most characterized by an increase in interactions with white blood cells (leukocytes), and it is associated with the early states of atherosclerosis and sepsis , among others. [ 2 ]
Endothelial dysfunction is a result of changes in endothelial function. [20] [21] After fat accumulation and when stimulated by inflammation, endothelial cells become activated, which is characterized by the expression of molecules such as E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which stimulate the adhesion of immune cells. [22]
Vasodilation occurs as part of the process of inflammation, which is caused by several factors including presence of a pathogen, injury to tissues or blood vessels, and immune complexes. [7] In severe cases, inflammation can lead to sepsis or distributive shock. [11] Vasodilation is also a major component of anaphylaxis. [12]
The chronic endothelial injury hypothesis is one of two major mechanisms postulated to explain the underlying cause of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD), the other being the lipid hypothesis. Although an ongoing debate involving connection between dietary lipids and CHD sometimes portrays the two hypotheses as being opposed, they ...
Three risk factors — high blood pressure, smoking and atrial fibrillation (which is an irregular heart rhythm) were linked with higher risk of severe compared to mild-moderate stroke,” said Dr ...
Monocytes invade the endothelial tissue, inflammatory cytokines are released, endothelial cells proliferate into the surrounding tissue, and cell adhesion receptors are upregulated. Presently, the effects of arteriogenesis on atherosclerosis are unknown, although MCP-1 receptors are known to be associated with plaque formation (Van Royen et al ...