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The first known transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among wild mink was reported in Utah, which researchers believed was due to contact with infected captive mink rather than through an intermediary vector in the wild or direct human-to-mink transmission. [1]
The virulence of the virus may be changed, [5] or a virus could evolve to become adapted to a different host environment than that in which it is typically found. [5] Relatively few passages are necessary to produce a noticeable change in a virus; for instance, a virus can typically adapt to a new host within ten or so passages.
The fourth step in the viral cycle is replication, which is defined by the rapid production of the viral genome. How a virus undergoes replication relies on the type of genetic material the virus possesses. Based on their genetic material, viruses will hijack the corresponding cellular machinery for said genetic material.
A fecal-oral transmission is an alternative route for some respiratory viruses. [58] No higher incidence of Sarbecoviruses has been reported in workers who come into direct contact with guano. [13] Temmam et al. found that BANAL-236, a SARS-CoV-2-related virus isolated from bats in Laos, acts as an enteric virus in macaques. [61]
A lethal infection in mink, the Aleutian disease virus lies dormant in ferrets until stress or injury allows it to surface. While the parvovirus itself causes little or no harm to the ferret host, the large number of antibodies produced in response to the presence of the virus results in a systemic vasculitis, resulting in eventual renal failure, bone marrow suppression and death. [10]
To enter the cells, proteins on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where replication of the viral genome may commence.
A viroplasm, sometimes called "virus factory" or "virus inclusion", [1] is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism ...
Viral disease is the sum of the effects of viral replication on the host and the host's subsequent immune response against the virus. [3] Viruses are able to initiate infection, disperse throughout the body, and replicate due to specific virulence factors .