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In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.
Finally, dividing r 0 (x) by r 1 (x) yields a zero remainder, indicating that r 1 (x) is the greatest common divisor polynomial of a(x) and b(x), consistent with their factorization. Many of the applications described above for integers carry over to polynomials. [ 139 ]
Every pair of congruence relations for an unknown integer x, of the form x ≡ k (mod a) and x ≡ m (mod b), has a solution (Chinese remainder theorem); in fact the solutions are described by a single congruence relation modulo ab. The least common multiple of a and b is equal to their product ab, i.e. lcm(a, b) = ab. [4]
The divisors of 10 illustrated with Cuisenaire rods: 1, 2, 5, and 10. In mathematics, a divisor of an integer , also called a factor of , is an integer that may be multiplied by some integer to produce . [1] In this case, one also says that is a multiple of .
Given an integer a and a non-zero integer d, it can be shown that there exist unique integers q and r, such that a = qd + r and 0 ≤ r < | d |. The number q is called the quotient, while r is called the remainder. (For a proof of this result, see Euclidean division. For algorithms describing how to calculate the remainder, see Division algorithm.)
In fact, x ≡ b m n −1 m + a n m −1 n (mod mn) where m n −1 is the inverse of m modulo n and n m −1 is the inverse of n modulo m. Lagrange's theorem: If p is prime and f (x) = a 0 x d + ... + a d is a polynomial with integer coefficients such that p is not a divisor of a 0, then the congruence f (x) ≡ 0 (mod p) has at most d non ...
In the imperative programming style, the same algorithm becomes, giving a name to each intermediate remainder: r 0 := a r 1 := b for (i := 1; r i ≤ 0; i := i + 1) do r i+1 := rem(r i−1, r i) end do return r i-1. The sequence of the degrees of the r i is strictly decreasing. Thus after, at most, deg(b) steps, one get a null remainder, say r k.
Hensel's original lemma concerns the relation between polynomial factorization over the integers and over the integers modulo a prime number p and its powers. It can be straightforwardly extended to the case where the integers are replaced by any commutative ring, and p is replaced by any maximal ideal (indeed, the maximal ideals of have the form , where p is a prime number).