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The temple complex of Roman Heliopolis (now Baalbek). Phoenicia under Roman rule describes the Phoenician city states (in the area of modern Lebanon, coastal Syria, the northern part of Galilee, Acre and the Northern Coastal Plain) ruled by Rome from 64 BCE to the Muslim conquests of the 7th century.
Knowledge of the Phoenicians at this time was confined to the ancient Greco-Roman sources. Scholarly interest increased in 1758, when Jean-Jacques Barthélémy deciphered the Phoenician alphabet , [ 8 ] and the number of known Phoenician inscriptions began to increase – the 1694 publication of the Cippi of Melqart was the first Phoenician ...
Phoenician art was largely centered on ornamental objects, particularly jewelry, pottery, glassware, and reliefs. Large sculptures were rare; figurines were more common. Phoenician goods have been found from Spain and Morocco to Russia and Iraq; much of what is known about Phoenician art is based on excavations outside Phoenicia proper.
An inscription written in Greek and Latin gives Jupiter the Phoenician epithet "Baal". [17] Roman coin minted in Berytus [18] Berytus had a monumental "Roman Gate" with huge walls (recently discovered [19]) and was a trade center of silk and wine production, well connected by efficient Roman roads to Heliopolis and Caesarea.
The destruction of the temple was interpreted by early Christians as the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy that the temple would be destroyed (in Matthew 24, Luke 21, Mark 13); [344] [345] [346] More broadly, it was seen as a divine sign marking the end of the Mosaic covenant, [347] which was believed to have been superseded by Jesus' atoning ...
In 1964, a shrine to Astarte, a popular Phoenician deity, was discovered in Italy containing three gold tablets with inscriptions in Etruscan and Phoenician, giving tangible proof of the Phoenician presence in the Italian peninsula at the end of the sixth century BC, long before the rise of Rome. [236]
Phoenice (Latin: Syria Phoenīcē Latin: [ˈsʏri.a pʰoe̯ˈniːkeː]; Koinē Greek: ἡ Φοινίκη Συρία, romanized: hē Phoinī́kē Syría Koinē Greek: [(h)e pʰyˈni.ke syˈri.a]) was a province of the Roman Empire, encompassing the historical region of Phoenicia.
The sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric.At that time, Rome was no longer the administrative capital of the Western Roman Empire, having been replaced in that position first by Mediolanum (now Milan) in 286 and then by Ravenna in 402.