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Deaths from single-drug benzodiazepine overdoses occur infrequently, [3] particularly after the point of hospital admission. [4] However, combinations of high doses of benzodiazepines with alcohol, barbiturates, opioids or tricyclic antidepressants are particularly dangerous, and may lead to severe complications such as coma or death.
Chlordiazepoxide has a medium to long half-life, while its active metabolite has a very long half-life. The drug has amnesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, hypnotic, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. [4] Chlordiazepoxide was patented in 1958 and approved for medical use in 1960. [5]
In clinical practice, this means that it takes 4 to 5 times the half-life for a drug's serum concentration to reach steady state after regular dosing is started, stopped, or the dose changed. So, for example, digoxin has a half-life (or t 1 / 2 ) of 24–36 h; this means that a change in the dose will take the best part of a week to ...
However, the injured cells do not actually die until hours after resuscitation. [8] This delayed death can be prevented in vitro by a simple drug treatment even after 20 minutes without oxygen. [9] In other areas of the brain, viable human neurons have been recovered and grown in culture hours after clinical death. [10]
Diazepam, sold under the brand name Valium among others, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. [15] It is used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome. [15]
Serious side effects may include the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, severe lowering of the seizure threshold, and low white blood cell levels. [6] In older people with psychosis as a result of dementia, it may increase the risk of death. [6] It is unclear if it is safe for use in ...
If death occurs this is typically due to a lack of breathing. [3] Barbiturate overdose may occur by accident or purposefully in an attempt to cause death. [3] The toxic effects are additive to those of alcohol and benzodiazepines. [3] The lethal dose varies with a person's tolerance and how the drug is taken. [3]
Temazepam is rapidly absorbed, and significant hypnotic and anxiolytic effects begin in less than 30 minutes and can last for up to eight hours. [ 9 ] [ 7 ] Prescriptions for hypnotics such as temazepam have seen a dramatic decrease since 2010, while anxiolytics such as alprazolam , clonazepam , and lorazepam have increased or remained stable ...