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Dialects of the same language may have different stress placement. For instance, the English word laboratory is stressed on the second syllable in British English (labóratory often pronounced "labóratry", the second o being silent), but the first syllable in American English, with a secondary stress on the "tor" syllable (láboratory often ...
The pitch accents of English used in the ToBI prosodic transcription system are: H*, L*, L*+H, L+H*, and H+!H*. [7] Most theories of prosodic meaning in English claim that pitch accent placement is tied to the focus, or the most important part, of the phrase. Some theories of prosodic marking of focus are concerned only with nuclear pitch accents.
The secondary stress mark is sometimes seen doubled ˌˌ for extra-weak stress, but this convention has not been adopted by the IPA. [75] Some dictionaries place both stress marks before a syllable, ¦ , to indicate that pronunciations with either primary or secondary stress are heard, though this is not IPA usage.
The rhythm of the English language has four different elements: stress, time, pause, and pitch. Furthermore, "When stress is the basis of the metric pattern, we have poetry; when pitch is the pattern basis, we have rhythmic prose" (Weeks 11). Stress retraction is a popular example of phrasal prosody in everyday life. For example:
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Metrical phonology offers a number of advantages over a system representing stress as a feature that applies to individual segments or syllables, without reference to the other syllables in a phrase. Creators of traditional feature systems posited the stress feature, which differed from other phonological features in several key ways.
Systems of scansion, and the assumptions (often tacit or even subconscious) that underlie them, are so numerous and contradictory that it is often difficult to tell whether differences in scansion indicate opposed metrical theories, conflicting understandings of a line's linguistic character, divergent practical goals, or whether they merely constitute a trivial argument over who has the ...
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