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Enclomifene (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name), or enclomiphene (USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name), a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator of the triphenylethylene group, acts by antagonizing the estrogen receptor (ER) in the pituitary gland, which reduces negative feedback by estrogen on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thereby increasing gonadotropin ...
[101] [102] [103] It is widely used in the treatment of acne, excessive hair growth, and hyperandrogenism in women, who have much lower testosterone levels than men. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Because of its antimineralocorticoid activity, spironolactone has antimineralocorticoid side effects [ 104 ] and can cause high potassium levels .
Initial treatment is normally made with lower doses in younger patients in order to develop the secondary sexual characteristics before adult doses are reached. [ 3 ] For males with KS/CHH the types of testosterone delivery include daily patches, daily gel use, daily capsules, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections or six-monthly implants.
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), also known as primary or peripheral/gonadal hypogonadism or primary gonadal failure, is a condition which is characterized by hypogonadism which is due to an impaired response of the gonads to the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and in turn a lack of sex steroid production. [1]
They are also sometimes used as alternatives to antiandrogens like spironolactone and cyproterone acetate for suppressing testosterone production in transgender women. [19] [20] [21] It also is used for suppressing estrogen production in transgender men. [22] It is considered a possible treatment for paraphilias. [23]
Menopur, 5 mL vials containing 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH. Repronex, vials containing either 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH, or 150 IU FSH and 150 IU LH. Common side effects of preparations containing FSH and LH are: [4] Mild bloating; Pain, swelling, or irritation injection site; Rash at injection site or other part of body; Stomach pain or pelvic pain
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) insensitivity, or ovarian insensitivity to FSH in females, also referable to as ovarian follicle hypoplasia or granulosa cell hypoplasia in females, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic and endocrine syndrome affecting both females and males, with the former presenting with much greater severity of symptomatology.