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The concepts of fluid intelligence (g f) and crystallized intelligence (g c) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] According to Cattell's psychometrically -based theory, general intelligence ( g ) is subdivided into g f and g c .
The Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory is an integration of two previously established theoretical models of intelligence: the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence (Gf-Gc) (Cattell, 1941; Horn 1965), and Carroll's three-stratum theory (1993), a hierarchical, three-stratum model of intelligence. Due to substantial similarities between the ...
The three-stratum theory is derived primarily from Spearman's (1927) [3] model of general intelligence and Horn & Cattell's (1966) [4] theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Carroll's model was also heavily influenced by the 1976 edition of the ETS standard kit. [ 5 ]
Cattell proposed that general intelligence (g) comprises both fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc). [3] [4] Whereas Gf is biologically and constitutionally based, Gc is the actual level of a person's cognitive functioning, based on the augmentation of Gf through sociocultural and experiential learning (including formal ...
Thus, for example, a mechanic who has worked on airplane engines for 30 years might have a huge amount of "crystallized" knowledge about the workings of these engines, while a new young engineer with more "fluid intelligence" might focus more on the theory of engine functioning, these two types of abilities might complement each other and work ...
For his PhD research at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Horn identified other broad intellectual abilities to supplement fluid reasoning ability (g f) and crystallized ability (g c) postulated by his supervisor Raymond Cattell. As with Cattell, Horn rejected the existence of an even higher level factor of general intelligence ‘g ...
Based on the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory, the tests of intelligence most often used in the relevant [clarification needed] studies include measures of fluid ability (g f) and crystallized ability (g c); that differ in their trajectory of development in people. [34]
The g-VPR model is a model of human intelligence published in 2005 by psychology professors Wendy Johnson [1] and Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. (Johnson & Bouchard, 2005) [2] They developed the model by analyzing Gf-Gc theory, John Carroll’s Three-stratum theory and Vernon’s verbal-perceptual model. [2] The g-VPR model is a four stratum model: