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Sufism is the mystical branch of Islam in which Muslims seek divine love and truth through direct personal experience of God. [1] This mystic tradition within Islam developed in several stages of growth, emerging first in the form of early asceticism, based on the teachings of Hasan al-Basri, before entering the second stage of more classical mysticism of divine love, as promoted by al-Ghazali ...
The Arabic word tasawwuf (lit. ' 'Sufism' '), generally translated as Sufism, is commonly defined by Western authors as Islamic mysticism. [14] [15] [16] The Arabic term Sufi has been used in Islamic literature with a wide range of meanings, by both proponents and opponents of Sufism. [14]
Mystics such as Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi, Al-Ghazali and Al-Sarraj maintained that this ultimate goal of Sufism was the vision (mushahadah) of the divine. [4] [8] Fana was defined by Abu Nasr as-Sarraj thus: The passing away of the attributes of the lower self (nafs) and the passing away of the repugnance to, and reliance upon, anything that may ...
The Bektashian Order is a Sufi order and shares much in common with other Islamic mystical movements, such as the need for an experienced spiritual guide—called a baba in Bektashian parlance — as well as the doctrine of "the four gates that must be traversed": the "Sharia" (religious law), "Tariqah" (the spiritual path), "Marifa" (true ...
İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (1703–1780, buried in Tillo, astronomer and encyclopedist, first Muslim author to cover post-Copernican astronomy) Ibrahim ibn Faïd (1396–1453) Imadaddin Nasimi; Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (1653–1725, buried in Bursa, author noted for esoteric interpretations of the Quran) Ismail Qureshi al Hashmi (1260–1349)
For each tariqa in Sufism, there are specific collective litany rules comprising a minimum number of people required to create a group which is generally four murids. In these reciting congregations, the disciples meet daily or weekly to perform collective dhikr , which is a type of meeting thus known as wazifa circle ( halqa ).
According to Sufi Muslims, it is a part of the Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of inner self and is the way which removes all the veils between the divine and humankind. It was around 1000 CE that early Sufi literature, in the form of manuals, treatises, discourses and poetry, became the source of Sufi thinking and meditations.
The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam's Mystical Tradition. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-079722-5. Brown, D.W. (2009). A New Introduction to Islam. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-5807-7. Berman, J.R. (2012). American Arabesque: Arabs and Islam in the Nineteenth Century Imaginary. America and the Long 19th Century. NYU ...