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A concertina is a free-reed musical instrument, like the various accordions and the harmonica. It consists of expanding and contracting bellows, with buttons (or keys) usually on both ends, unlike accordion buttons, which are on the front. The concertina was developed independently in both England and Germany. [1]
These can be grouped into two groups with consistent whole note steps, the first 3 keys (CDE) and the following 4 keys (FGAB). The black keys can be similarly divided into two groups of 2 and 3 keys. The same groups can be found in the Wicki–Hayden layout, with benefits that a step to the right now always is a whole note, and that the notes ...
Albert G. Nechanicky (1909-1986) invented the 130-key Chemnitzer concertina which is fully chromatic, allowing it to play in every key. This innovative concertina eliminates the need to carry several 104-key concertinas pitched in different keys, sometimes built without markings identifying their respective tonalities.
George Jones is often credited as the first English chromatic Anglo concertina maker. British firms active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries include those founded by Charles Wheatstone, Charles Jeffries (who built primarily Anglo-style concertinas), Louis Lachenal (who built concertinas in both English and Anglo styles and was the most prolific manufacturer of the period), and John Crabb.
In the English Folk Revival of the 1960s, though the English concertina had been more an art music instrument, it became popular with British folk musicians. Karl Dallas has suggested that the mere presence of 'English' in the name attracted some of the revival's demographic; [6] however the instrument's versatility and portability were also important as factors in the instrument's adoption. [7]
Accordions (including piano accordions and button accordions) typically have right-hand buttons or keys that play single notes (melody) and left hand buttons that play chords and bass notes. The bandoneon is a type of concertina particularly popular in South America and Lithuania, frequently featuring in tango ensembles. [1]
Charles Wheatstone's Duet concertina 1855–60 Hayden Duet concertina . The Duet concertina is a family of concertinas, distinguished by being unisonoric (producing the same note on the push and pull of the bellows, unlike the Anglo concertina) and by having their lower notes on the left and higher on the right (unlike the English concertina).
Button accordions of various types are particularly common in European countries and countries where European people settled. The button accordion is often confused with the concertina; [2] the button accordion's buttons are on the front of the instrument, where as the concertina's are on the sides and pushed in parallel with the bellows.