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By the 4th century, archers with powerful composite bows were a regular part of Roman armies throughout the empire. During the fall of the western empire, the Romans came under severe pressure from the highly skilled mounted archers belonging to the Hun invaders, and later Eastern Roman armies relied heavily on mounted archery. [48]
Around forty bow staves and various arrows were uncovered at Nydam Mose in Denmark, dating to the third or fourth century CE. Similar equipment was discovered at Thorsberg moor in Germany. [ 74 ] From such continental evidence, it has been asserted that long bows were common in Northwestern Europe during the early medieval period.
Some have been found in Macedonian tombs, such as the so-called "Tomb of Philip" in Vergina of the 2nd half of the 4th century BCE. [2] They were also used by the Persians. Indo-Greeks adopted the composite bow and the gorytos as part of their mounted archery equipment from around 100 BCE, as can be seen on their coins.
He believed it was the forerunner of the catapult, which places its appearance sometime prior to the 4th century BC during the Classical period. [4] Further evidence of crossbows in ancient Europe are two stone relief carvings from a Roman grave in Gaul and some vague references by Vegetius.
Greek and Roman authors like Vegetius (fl. 4th century AD) note repeatedly the use of arrow firing weapons such as arcuballista and manuballista respectively cheiroballistra. While most scholars agree that one or more of these terms refer to handheld mechanical weapons, there is disagreement about whether these were flexion bows or torsion ...
Scythians shooting with bows, Panticapaeum (known today as Kertch, Crimea), 4th century BCE. Variants of the Scythian bow were the dominant form in Asia until approximately the first century BCE. These were short weapons—one was 119 cm (47 inches) long when strung, with arrows perhaps 50–60 cm (20–24 inches) long—with flexible, "working ...
The Scythian archers were a hypothesized police force of 5th- and early 4th-century BC Athens that is recorded in some Greek artworks and literature. The force is said to have consisted of 300 armed Scythians (a nomadic Iranic people living in the Eurasian Steppe) who were public slaves in Athens.
The bow, made from yew, has been given a calibrated radiocarbon date of 4040 BC to 3640 BC. [1] Another bow made from yew, found within some peat in Somerset, England has been dated to 2700–2600 BC. Forty longbows, which date from the 4th century AD, have been discovered in a peat bog at Nydam in Denmark. [2]