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  2. Near-infrared window in biological tissue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_window_in...

    Since scattering increases the distance travelled by photons within tissue, the probability of photon absorption also increases. Because scattering has weak dependence on wavelength, the NIR window is primarily limited by the light absorption of blood at short wavelengths and water at long wavelengths. The technique using this window is called ...

  3. Cross section (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)

    The scattering of X-rays can also be described in terms of scattering cross sections, in which case the square ångström is a convenient unit: 1 Å 2 = 10 −20 m 2 = 10 000 pm 2 = 10 8 b. The sum of the scattering, photoelectric, and pair-production cross-sections (in barns) is charted as the "atomic attenuation coefficient" (narrow-beam), in ...

  4. X-ray scattering techniques - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques

    Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) probes structure in the nanometer to micrometer range by measuring scattering intensity at scattering angles 2θ close to 0°. X-ray reflectivity is an analytical technique for determining thickness, roughness, and density of single layer and multilayer thin films. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), a ...

  5. Mean free path - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path

    In X-ray radiography the calculation of the mean free path is more complicated, because photons are not mono-energetic, but have some distribution of energies called a spectrum. As photons move through the target material, they are attenuated with probabilities depending on their energy, as a result their distribution changes in process called ...

  6. Klein–Nishina formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein–Nishina_formula

    The formula describes both the Thomson scattering of low energy photons (e.g. visible light) and the Compton scattering of high energy photons (e.g. x-rays and gamma-rays), showing that the total cross section and expected deflection angle decrease with increasing photon energy.

  7. Small-angle X-ray scattering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_X-ray_scattering

    Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a small-angle scattering technique by which nanoscale density differences in a sample can be quantified. This means that it can determine nanoparticle size distributions, resolve the size and shape of (monodisperse) macromolecules, determine pore sizes, characteristic distances of partially ordered materials, and much more. [1]

  8. Compton scattering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering

    Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of Compton's experiment. Compton scattering occurs in the graphite target on the left. The slit passes X-ray photons scattered at the selected angle and their average energy rate is measured using Bragg scattering from the crystal on the right in conjunction with an ionization chamber.

  9. Biological small-angle scattering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_small-angle...

    X-ray solution scattering curves computed from atomic models of twenty-five different proteins with molecular masses between 10 and 300 kDa. Conceptually, small-angle scattering experiments are simple: the sample is exposed to X-rays or neutrons and the scattered radiation is registered by a detector.