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Government debt is typically measured as the gross debt of the general government sector that is in the form of liabilities that are debt instruments. [2]: 207 A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future.
RR 2010a [Growth in a Time of Debt] is the only evidence cited in the "Paul Ryan Budget" on the consequences of high public debt for economic growth. Representative Ryan's "Path to Prosperity" reports (Ryan 2013 p. 78): A well-known study completed by economists Ken Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart confirms this common-sense conclusion.
The government budget balance, also referred to as the general government balance, [1] public budget balance, or public fiscal balance, is the difference between government revenues and spending. For a government that uses accrual accounting (rather than cash accounting ) the budget balance is calculated using only spending on current ...
Government debt (also known as public debt or national debt) is money (or credit) owed by any level of government; either central or federal government, municipal government, or local government. Some local governments issue bonds based on their taxing authority, such as tax increment bonds or revenue bonds .
The European debt crisis is a crisis affecting several eurozone countries since the end of 2009. [7] [8] Member states affected by this crisis were unable to repay their government debt or to bail out indebted financial institutions without the assistance of third-parties (namely the International Monetary Fund, European Commission, and the European Central Bank).
At the end of the 1st quarter of 2021, the United States public debt-to-GDP ratio was 127.5%. [4] Two-thirds of US public debt is owned by US citizens, banks, corporations, and the Federal Reserve Bank; [5] approximately one-third of US public debt is held by foreign countries – particularly China and Japan. In comparison, less than 5% of ...
Public economics (or economics of the public sector) is the study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity. Public economics builds on the theory of welfare economics and is ultimately used as a tool to improve social welfare .
However, its debt has increased to almost 120 % of GDP (US$2.4 trillion in 2010) and economic growth was lower than the EU average for over a decade. [5] This has led investors to view Italian bonds more and more as a risky asset. [6] On the other hand, the public debt of Italy has a longer maturity and a substantial share of it is held ...