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These two examples show that an electrical potential and a chemical potential can both give the same result: A redistribution of the chemical species. Therefore, it makes sense to combine them into a single "potential", the electrochemical potential , which can directly give the net redistribution taking both into account.
The abstract definition of chemical potential given above—total change in free energy per extra mole of substance—is more specifically called total chemical potential. [13] [14] If two locations have different total chemical potentials for a species, some of it may be due to potentials associated with "external" force fields (electric ...
Latimer diagrams can be used in the construction of Frost diagrams, as a concise summary of the standard electrode potentials relative to the element. Since Δ r G o = -n F E o , the electrode potential is a representation of the Gibbs energy change for the given reduction.
In this article, the terms conduction-band referenced Fermi level or internal chemical potential are used to refer to ζ. Example of variations in conduction band edge E C in a band diagram of GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction-based high-electron-mobility transistor.
An example is an electrochemical cell, where two copper electrodes are submerged in two copper(II) sulfate solutions, whose concentrations are 0.05 M and 2.0 M, connected through a salt bridge. This type of cell will generate a potential that can be predicted by the Nernst equation.
Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane. An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts: The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
The larger the value of the standard reduction potential, the easier it is for the element to be reduced (gain electrons); in other words, they are better oxidizing agents. For example, F 2 has a standard reduction potential of +2.87 V and Li + has −3.05 V: F 2 (g) + 2 e − ⇌ 2 F − = +2.87 V Li + + e − ⇌ Li (s) = −3.05 V
The electric potential and the magnetic vector potential together form a four-vector, so that the two kinds of potential are mixed under Lorentz transformations. Practically, the electric potential is a continuous function in all space, because a spatial derivative of a discontinuous electric potential yields an electric field of impossibly ...