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Phantosmia (phantom smell), also called an olfactory hallucination or a phantom odor, [1] is smelling an odor that is not actually there. This hallucination is intrinsically suspicious as the formal evaluation and detection of relatively low levels of odour particles is itself a very tricky task in air epistemology.
For example, the Kastle–Meyer test will show either that a sample is not blood or that the sample is probably blood, but may be a less common substance. Further chemical tests are needed to prove that the substance is blood. Confirmatory tests are the tests required to confirm the analysis. Confirmatory tests cost more than simpler ...
The cause of congenital anosmia is not fully understood, but it is often linked to the underdevelopment or absence of the olfactory bulbs and tracts. [9] Diagnosis typically involves clinical evaluation, smell tests, and imaging studies to identify any structural abnormalities in the olfactory system. [10]
A similar foul-smelling odor of the urine has also been associated with colonization of the urinary tract with a bacterium called Aerococcus urinae, especially in children. [ 18 ] Olfactory reference syndrome is a condition where there is a persistent false belief and preoccupation with the idea of emitting an abnormal body odor.
Parosmia is a distortion in the perception of an odorant. Odorants smell different from what one remembers. Phantosmia is the perception of an odor when no odorant is present. The cause of dysosmia still remains a theory. It is typically considered a neurological disorder and clinical associations with the disorder have been made. [3]
Melena is a form of blood in stool which refers to the dark black, tarry feces that are commonly associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. [1] The black color and characteristic strong odor are caused by hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria.
Secretor status refers to the presence or absence of water-soluble ABO blood group antigens in a person's bodily fluids, such as saliva, tears, breast milk, urine, and semen. People who secrete these antigens in their bodily fluids are referred to as secretors , while people who do not are termed non-secretors .
Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), as its name implies, aims to detect subtle blood loss in the gastrointestinal tract, anywhere from the mouth to the colon.Positive tests ("positive stool") may result from either upper gastrointestinal bleeding or lower gastrointestinal bleeding and warrant further investigation for peptic ulcers or a malignancy (such as colorectal cancer or gastric cancer).