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Klebsiella aerogenes, [2] previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, citrate-positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. [3] Capable of motility via peritrichous flagella, [ 4 ] it is approximately one to three microns in length.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing is also conducted at a population level in some countries as a form of screening. [4] This is to assess the background rates of resistance to antibiotics (for example with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ), and may influence guidelines and public health measures.
Nitrofurantoin, sold under the brand name Macrobid among others, is an antibacterial medication of the nitrofuran class used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), although it is not as effective for kidney infections. [16] It is taken by mouth. [16] Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and headaches. [16]
Chemical structure of nitrofurantoin. Nitrofurantoin is regarded as the first-line agent for simple cystitis, with an efficacy rate ranging from 88% to 92%. [9] It can also be a prophylactic agent to prevent long-term UTIs. [10] This antibacterial medication is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. [11]
Another test, urine microscopy, looks for the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, or bacteria. Urine culture is deemed positive if it shows a bacterial colony count of greater than or equal to 10 3 colony-forming units per mL of a typical urinary tract organism. Antibiotic sensitivity can also be tested with these cultures, making ...
In Klebsiella pneumoniae, the lack of either OmpK35 or OmpK36 leads to carbapenem resistance, but with the lack of both proteins, a high level of resistance is present. [24] An observed 32- to 64-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations occurs for the carbapenems when both proteins are not expressed. [24]
Klebsiella organisms can lead to a wide range of disease states, notably pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis, diarrhea, peritonitis and soft tissue infections. [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Klebsiella species have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies . [ 12 ]
The evolution of bacteria on a "Mega-Plate" petri dish A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below. These bacteria have shown antibiotic resistance (or antimicrobial resistance). Gram positive Clostridioides difficile Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease worldwide. Diarrhea caused by C. difficile can be life-threatening. Infections are ...