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The preload developed in a bolt is due to the applied torque and is a function of the bolt diameter, the geometry of the threads, and the coefficients of friction that exist in the threads and under the torqued bolt head or nut. The stiffness of the components clamped by the bolt has no relation to the preload that is developed by the torque.
Nut is rotated into position with very small torque applied. Once the external stretching force is removed, the preload is established; heat tightening is based on stretching the bolt by heating it. Once the bolt is expanded, the nut is secured using the turn-of-the-nut method. Upon cooling, a desired preload is achieved as the bolt contracts.
First, a tightened bolt experiences only a small fraction of any external load that will be applied later, so that a fully tightened bolt can (depending on the exact application) sustain a much greater load than a loosely tightened bolt. Second, a nut that is correctly tightened will resist becoming loose under the influence of vibration ...
Many differential screw configurations are possible. The micrometer adjuster pictured uses a nut sleeve with different inner and outer thread pitches to connect a screw on the adjusting rod end with threads inside the main barrel; as the thimble rotates the nut sleeve, the rod and barrel move relative to each other based on the differential between the threads.
Where the rotation of a shaft would cause a conventional right-handed nut to loosen rather than to tighten due to applied torque or to fretting induced precession. Examples include: The left foot pedal on a bicycle [2] The left grinding wheel on a bench grinder; The axle nuts, or less commonly, lug nuts on the left side of some automobiles
The torque applied to the fastener must be determined such that it does not contribute to a service condition where the fastener enters a low-cycle fatigue regime. In general, the use of torque-to-yield fasteners is deprecated except in cases where the materials and structures comprising the entire assembly are certified to be within tolerances.
A split nut can also be used to compensate for wear by compressing the parts of the nut. A hydrostatic leadscrew overcomes many of the disadvantages of a normal leadscrew, having high positional accuracy, very low friction, and very low wear, but requires continuous supply of high-pressure fluid and high-precision manufacture, leading to ...
Hanger bolt - Bolt that has no head, machine threaded body followed by a wood threaded screw tip. Allow nuts to be attached to what is really a screw. Hex bolt - Bolt with a hexagonal head and threaded shank. Section immediately under head may be unthreaded for fastening thicker materials. J bolt - Bolt shaped like the letter J, used for tie downs.
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