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One of the intended outcomes of the Act was to narrow the class and racial achievement gap in the United States by instituting common expectations for all students. [177] Test scores have shown to be improving for minority children at the same rate as for Caucasian children, maintaining a gap. [178]
In February 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified; it was designed to protect blacks' right to vote from infringement by the states. At the same time, by 1870 all Southern states had dropped enforcement of disfranchisement of ex-Confederates except Arkansas, where disfranchisement of ex-Confederates was dropped in the aftermath of the ...
The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.
By 1870, most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved, and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies. [175] White Americans were in almost full control again by the start of the 1900s and did not enforce Black voting rights. The United States government eventually pulled all its troops from the Southern states.
On the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation on public parks and playgrounds. Georgia Governor Marvin Griffin responds that his state would "get out of the park business" rather than allow playgrounds to be desegregated. December 1 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus, starting the Montgomery bus boycott.
Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867. Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 to the Compromise of 1877. [1] [2]The major issues faced by President Abraham Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves (called "Freedmen"), the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels, the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states, the powers of the federal government needed to ...
An "1870" pin to be worn by members of the Congressional Black Caucus and others at the State of the Union address. (Photo illustration: Yahoo News; photos courtesy of the office of Rep. Bonnie ...
Jim Crow laws were a manifestation of authoritarian rule specifically directed at one racial group. [22] Black people were still elected to local offices throughout the 1880s in local areas with large black populations, but their voting was suppressed for state and national elections.