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Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, ... Avian kidneys function in almost the same way as the more extensively studied mammalian kidney, ...
In birds, the kidneys are typically elongated [79] and located dorsally in the abdominal cavity in the pelvic skeletal depressions. [80] [81] The structure of the avian kidneys differs from the structure of the mammalian kidneys. [67] The avian kidney is lobulated and usually consists of three lobes. [80]
The kidneys of a common raven filter about eleven times its total body water daily, and more than 95% of the filtered water is reabsorbed. Urine of birds is typically concentrated to an osmolarity that is two to three times the osmolarity of plasma. Glomerular filtration only accounts for 10% to 20% of urinary urate.
Mammalian kidneys are susceptible to ischemic injury because mammals lack a renal-portal system, and as a result, vascular vasoconstriction in the glomeruli can lead to decreased blood supply to the entire kidney. The kidneys are susceptible to toxic injury, since toxins are reabsorbed in the tubules along with most of the filtered substances. [47]
The mesonephros persists and forms the anterior portion of the permanent kidneys in fish and amphibians, but in reptiles, birds, and mammals, it atrophies and for the most part disappears rapidly as the permanent kidney (metanephros) begins to develop [2] during the sixth or seventh week. By the beginning of the fifth month of human development ...
The structure specifically called the ureter is present in amniotes, meaning mammals, birds and reptiles. [24] These animals possess an adult kidney derived from the metanephros. [24] The duct that connects the kidney to excrete urine in these animals is the ureter. [24]
Hummingbird kidneys also have a unique ability to control the levels of electrolytes after consuming nectars with high amounts of sodium and chloride or none, indicating that kidney and glomerular structures must be highly specialized for variations in nectar mineral quality. [111]
Urology addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) anatomy: these include cancer, renal cysts, kidney stones and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction. [ 7 ] The word “ renal ” is an adjective meaning “relating to the kidneys”, and its roots are French or late Latin.