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There was never an official exchange rate between NICA gulden and Indonesian rupiah, but with popular support for the rupiah strong, 1 ORI rupiah was initially valued at 5 NICA gulden. The currency, however, depreciated fast, falling to 2 gulden within 1 week, as the market gauged fair value, and by the end of 1946 to par.
Indonesia nominal GDP reached 20.892 quadrillion rupiah ($1.371 trillion) in 2023, it is the 16th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the 8th largest in terms of GDP (PPP). Indonesia 's internet economy reached US$77 billion in 2022, and is expected to cross the US$130 billion mark by 2025. [ 34 ]
These include unreduced emissions resulting in an average temperature rise of around 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-century, [88] [89] raising the frequency of drought and food shortages (with an impact on precipitation and the patterns of wet and dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agriculture system [89]) as well as numerous diseases and wildfires. [89]
It called for silver coins in denominations of 1, 1 ⁄ 2, 1 ⁄ 4, 1 ⁄ 10, and 1 ⁄ 20 dollar, as well as gold coins in denominations of 1, 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 ⁄ 4 eagle. The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods.
The United States has a highly developed mixed economy. [40] [41] [42] It is the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). [43]As of 2024, it has the world's sixth highest nominal GDP per capita and eighth highest GDP per capita by PPP). [10]
However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant contraction of 1.4% in the first quarter of 2020, followed by a steep 6.6% decline in the second quarter, suggesting the start of a recession. [369] The economy rebounded in the third quarter of 2020 with a sharp 6.9% expansion, but growth slowed down in the fourth quarter to just ...
The Youth Pledge, a pledge made by Indonesian youth on October 28, 1928, defining the identity of the Indonesian nation.On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a unifying language throughout the archipelago.
Suharto [b] [c] (8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian military officer and the second president of Indonesia.Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto led Indonesia as an authoritarian regime from 1967 until his resignation in 1998 following nationwide unrest.