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As of 2010, as many as 16 genes have been associated with eye color inheritance. Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2. [9] [10] The earlier belief that blue eye color is a recessive trait has been shown to be incorrect, and the genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur.
The goal of gene therapy studies is to virally supplement retinal cells expressing mutant genes associated with the retinitis pigmentosa phenotype with healthy forms of the gene; thus, allowing the repair and proper functioning of retinal photoreceptor cells in response to the instructions associated with the inserted healthy gene.
Dichromacy in humans is a form of color blindness (color vision deficiency). Normal human color vision is trichromatic, so dichromacy is achieved by losing functionality of one of the three cone cells. The classification of human dichromacy depends on which cone is missing:
Rod monochromacy (Achromatopsia), when all three of the cones are non-functional and therefore photopic vision (and therefore color vision) is disabled. Monochromacy of photopic vision is a symptom of both Cone Monochromacy and Rod Monochromacy, so these two conditions are typically referred to collectively as monochromacy. [1] [2]
Because peripheral vision is not affected, persons with macular degeneration can learn to use their remaining vision to partially compensate. [97] Assistance and resources are available in many countries and every state in the U.S. [ 98 ] Classes for "independent living" are given and some technology can be obtained from a state department of ...
The effect is the variegation in a particular phenotype i.e., the appearance of irregular patches of different colour(s), due to the expression of the original wild-type gene in some cells of the tissue but not in others, [8] as seen in the eye of mutated Drosophila melanogaster.
Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population). [ 2 ] [ 4 ] Rates vary significantly in different areas of the world. [ 2 ] Rates among adults are between 15% and 49%.
Optogenetics also necessarily includes the development of genetic targeting strategies such as cell-specific promoters or other customized conditionally-active viruses, to deliver the light-sensitive probes to specific populations of neurons in the brain of living animals (e.g. worms, fruit flies, mice, rats, and monkeys).