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  2. Human mitochondrial genetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics

    Mitochondrial replication is controlled by nuclear genes and is specifically suited to make as many mitochondria as that particular cell needs at the time. Mitochondrial transcription in humans is initiated from three promoters, H1, H2, and L (heavy strand 1, heavy strand 2, and light strand promoters). The H2 promoter transcribes almost the ...

  3. Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_ha...

    The hypothetical woman at the root of all these groups (meaning just the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all currently living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve. The rate at which mitochondrial DNA mutates is known as the mitochondrial molecular clock. It is an area of ...

  4. CoRR hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoRR_hypothesis

    Mitochondria in both plant and animal cells perform respiration; the release of this stored energy when work is done. In addition to these key reactions of bioenergetics, chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain specialized and discrete genetic systems. These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria to make some of their own proteins.

  5. MT-RNR2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR2

    Location of the MT-RNR2 gene on the H strand of the human mitochondrial genome. MT-RNR2 , or RRNL , is one of the two mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes (blue boxes). Mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA (often abbreviated as 16S ) is the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA [ 1 ] [ 2 ] that in humans is encoded by the MT-RNR2 gene .

  6. Cambridge Reference Sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Reference_Sequence

    A group led by Fred Sanger at the University of Cambridge had sequenced the mitochondrial genome of one woman of European descent [3] during the 1970s, determining it to have a length of 16,569 base pairs (0.0006% of the nuclear human genome) containing some 37 genes and published this sequence in 1981.

  7. Homoplasmy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoplasmy

    The cell in the top left is heteroplasmic as shown by the normal mitochondria in purple and the mitochondria with a mtDNA mutation in red. As this cell divides, the mitochondria replicate and independently assort into the daughter cells. This leads to both positive and negative (cell shown in red) homoplasmy.

  8. Macro-haplogroup L - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-haplogroup_L

    In human mitochondrial genetics, L is the mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup that is at the root of the anatomically modern human (Homo sapiens) mtDNA phylogenetic tree. As such, it represents the most ancestral mitochondrial lineage of all currently living modern humans, also dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve". Its two sub-clades are L1-6 and L0.

  9. Genealogical DNA test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test

    Mitochondrial DNA usually has 16,569 base pairs (the number can vary slightly depending on addition or deletion mutations) [24] and is much smaller than the human genome DNA which has 3.2 billion base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted from mother to child, as it is contained in the egg cell.