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Isosthenuria reflects damage to the kidney's tubules or the renal medulla. A closely related term is hyposthenuria, where the urine has a relatively low specific gravity "due to inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine normally". [2] [3] This specific gravity is not necessarily
The lungs contribute to acid-base homeostasis by regulating carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration. The kidneys have two very important roles in maintaining the acid-base balance: to reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate from urine, and to excrete hydrogen ions and fixed acids (anions of acids) into urine.
Some desert animals have evolved greater ability to concentrate urine than other animals. [160] The most concentrated urine among the studied species is produced by the Australian hopping mouse Notomys alexis, [159] whose kidneys have longer loops of Henley and an elongated renal papilla compared to the kidneys of other mammals. [161]
Unlike mammals, the kidneys of reptiles do not have a clear distinction between cortex and medulla. [43] The kidneys lack the loop of Henle, have fewer nephrons (from about 3,000 to 30,000), and cannot produce hypertonic urine. [3] [21] Nitrogenous waste products excreted by the kidneys may include uric acid, urea and ammonia. [55]
A urine specific gravity that consistently remains around 1.010 (isosthenuria) can indicate kidney damage, as it suggests that the kidneys have lost the ability to control urine concentration. [39] It is not possible for the kidneys to produce urine with a specific gravity greater than 1.040 [40] but such readings can occur in urine that ...
Increases in vasa recta flow wash away metabolites and cause the medulla to lose osmolarity as well. Increases in flow will disrupt the kidney's ability to form concentrated urine. [3] Overall the loop of Henle reabsorbs around 25% of filtered ions and 20% of the filtered water in a normal kidney. These ions are mostly Na +, Cl −, K +, Ca 2 ...
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is most common in its acquired forms, meaning that the defect was not present at birth. These acquired forms have numerous potential causes. The most obvious cause is a kidney or systemic disorder, including amyloidosis, [2] polycystic kidney disease, [3] electrolyte imbalance, [4] [5] or some other kidney defect. [2]
An increase in osmolality causes the gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in water reabsorption by the kidney and an increase in urine concentration. The two factors work together to return the plasma osmolality to its normal levels.
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