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Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (UK: / d ə ˈ b oʊ v w ɑːr /, US: / d ə b oʊ ˈ v w ɑːr /; [2] [3] French: [simɔn də bovwaʁ] ⓘ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist.
Simone de Beauvoir described three main types of women acting in bad faith: the Narcissist who denies her freedom by construing herself as a desirable object; the Mystic, who invests her freedom in an absolute; and the Woman in Love, who submerges her identity in that of her male object. [9]
Simone de Beauvoir was a renowned existentialist and one of the principal founders of second-wave feminism. [8] Beauvoir examined women's subordinate role as the 'Other', patriarchally forced into immanence [11] in her book, The Second Sex, which some claim to be the culmination of her existential ethics. [12]
Some scholars argue that the term should be used to refer only to the cultural movement in Europe in the 1940s and 1950s associated with the works of the philosophers Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Albert Camus. [5] Others extend the term to Kierkegaard, and yet others extend it as far back as Socrates. [18]
It is a term used in early 20th century continental philosophy, especially in the works of Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and the existentialists. Being-in-itself for Heidegger
The Ethics of Ambiguity (French: Pour une morale de l'ambiguïté) is Simone de Beauvoir's second major non-fiction work. It was prompted by a lecture she gave in 1945, where she claimed that it was impossible to base an ethical system on her partner Jean-Paul Sartre 's major philosophical work Being and Nothingness ( French : L'Être et le ...
Philosopher, essayist Also associated with pessimism: Simone de Beauvoir: January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986 France Philosopher, anthropologist Founded Les Temps modernes with Camus and Sartre; predecessor of second-wave feminism: Walter A. Davis: November 9, 1942 – United States Philosopher, playwright, cultural critic
First, psychology has mismeasured women throughout its history by taking a male-as-norm perspective which categorizes females as deviant; or, in the words of Simone De Beauvoir, the science of psychology has systematically "otherized" women. Wilkinson also sees women's inferiority asserted through psychologists seeking a different perspective ...