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The visual changes in PRES may include hemianopsia (inability to see the left or right part of the visual field), blurred vision, lack of visual awareness on one side, visual hallucinations, and cortical blindness. [1] Seizures occur in about two thirds of cases with seizures being the initial symptom in about 50% of cases.
Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of fibers in the retina that sends visual signals to the brain. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteri
Permanent deficits are seen in a minority of patients, ranging from under 10% to 20% in various studies. [1] Less than 5% of patients experience progressive vasoconstriction, which can lead to stroke, progressive cerebral edema, or even death. [1] Severe complications appear to be more common in postpartum mothers. [6]
Major symptoms are sudden loss of vision (partial or complete), sudden blurred or "foggy" vision, and; pain on movement of the affected eye. [4] [5] [2]Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their color vision in the affected eye (especially red), with colors appearing subtly washed out compared to the other eye.
Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) is general brain dysfunction due to significantly high blood pressure. [3] Symptoms may include headache, vomiting, trouble with balance, and confusion. [1] Onset is generally sudden. [1] Complications can include seizures, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and bleeding in the back of the eye. [1] [3]
Treatment is supportive; [1] mannitol may be used to help with the brain swelling. [2] The first detailed description of Reye syndrome was in 1963 by Australian pathologist Douglas Reye. [4] The syndrome most commonly affects children. [2] It affects fewer than one in a million children a year. [2]
Since Harlequin syndrome is associated with a dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system, main symptoms of this dysfunction are in the following: Absence of sweat and flushing on one side of the face, neck, or upper thoracic area. In addition, other symptoms include cluster headaches, tearing of the eyes, nasal discharge, abnormal contraction ...
The optic disc is where the axons from the retinal ganglion cells collect into the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the bundle of axons that carry the visual signals from the eye to the brain. This optic nerve must penetrate through the wall of the eye, and the hole to accommodate this is usually 20-30% larger than the nerve diameter.