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an estimated 10–120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer" [23] 1808 ice core event: Unknown eruption near equator, magnitude roughly half Tambora: Emission of sulfur dioxide around the amount of the 1815 Tambora eruption (ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland). [24] 1808
During the same time interval, CO 2 emissions from volcanoes during eruptions were estimated to be 1.8 ± 0.9 Tg per year [10] and during non-eruptive activity were 51.3 ± 5.7 Tg per year. [10] Therefore, CO 2 emissions during volcanic eruptions are less than 10% of CO 2 emissions released during non-eruptive volcanic activity.
The word is a portmanteau of the words "volcanic" and "smog". [1] The term is in common use in the Hawaiian Islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaiʻi (the "Big Island"), erupted continuously between 1983 and 2018. [2] Based on June 2008 measurements, Kīlauea emits 2,000–4,000 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) every day. [3]
The eruption reached 3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. [25] The mass of the ejected sulfur dioxide was about 700,000 metric tons, or about two percent of the mass of the erupted solid material, [14] making the eruption unusually sulfur rich. [26]
Sulfur dioxide is an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, being converted to sulfur trioxide, and then to oleum, which is made into sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide for this purpose is made when sulfur combines with oxygen. The method of converting sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid is called the contact process. Several million tons are ...
Some eruptions cooled the global climate—inducing a volcanic winter—depending on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted and the magnitude of the eruption. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Before the present Holocene epoch, the criteria are less strict because of scarce data availability, partly since later eruptions have destroyed the evidence.
During the Little Ice Age, volcanic eruptions produced ashes that blocked solar insolation. The Earth surface received less radiation, the temperature decreased significantly. The effect lasted for around 6–8 years (Fig. 5). [23] In addition, sulfur dioxide produced from eruptions reacted with the ozone layer to form sulfuric acid. Fine ...
The volcanic haze contains small quantities of ash, water vapor, sulfur aerosols, and liquid droplets suspended in the air. The main concerns for human health in volcanic haze consist of ash, sulfur dioxide gas (SO 2), and sulfuric acid droplets (H 2 SO 4), which forms when volcanic SO 2 oxidizes in the atmosphere. Volcanic haze can be both an ...